- Endocrine disease
- World Endocrinology 2018
- Message sent successfully
- Newcastle Hospitals - Endocrinology Services
This is a small endocrine gland located deep in the brain.
Endocrine disease
It secretes melatonin and helps control the body's sleep patterns and moderate levels of reproductive hormones. It is sometimes called the main endocrine master gland because it secretes hormones that regulate the functions of other glands, as well as growth and several other bodily functions. The anterior, or front, pituitary secretes hormones that affect sexual development, thyroid function, growth, skin pigmentation, and adrenocortical function.
If the anterior pituitary is underactive, it can lead to stunted growth in childhood and underactivity in other endocrine glands. The posterior, or rear, pituitary secretes oxytocin , a hormone that increases contractions of the uterus and antidiuretic hormone ADH which encourages the kidneys to reabsorb water. T lymphocytes, a type of immune cell, mature and multiply in the thymus gland early in life.
After puberty, the gland shrinks. The thymus gland plays a role in the immune system, which protects the body against disease and infection. A butterfly-shaped gland located just below the Adam's apple in the neck, the thyroid produces hormones that play a key role in regulating blood pressure , body temperature, heart rate, metabolism, and how the body reacts to other hormones. It also produces calcitonin, which helps strengthen bones and regulates the metabolism of calcium. Explore the model using your mouse pad or touchscreen to understand more about the endocrine system.
Some infants are born with hormonal problems that can lead to a range of health issues, such as low growth. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as pesticides, lead, and phthalates, which are used in plastic food containers, can sometimes lead to hormonal problems. Here are some examples of what can happen if a gland secretes too much or too little of its hormones. If your physician suspects that the underlying cause of a medical condition is related to hormone production, they may refer you to an endocrinologist, a doctor who specializes in endocrinology.
These doctors are trained to diagnose and manage diseases that affect the glands and the hormones. During the first visit, the doctor will ask the patient a series of questions to help reach a diagnosis. The endocrinologist might ask about symptoms that do not seem to be related, or that seem unnecessary. This is because hormone levels affect so many different systems in the body that just small changes in one gland can impact parts of the body far from the site of the glands themselves.
They will check the patient's heart rate and blood pressure, and look at the condition of their skin, hair, teeth, and mouth. Following diagnosis, the endocrinologist will suggest a treatment plan. This will depend on which underlying condition is causing the symptoms.
Hormones affect functions throughout the body. An imbalance can cause a wide range of health issues. A family doctor may refer a patient to an endocrinologist if they suspect that a hormone problem is the underlying cause of a health problem. If you need to find an endocrinologist, the website of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists has a list of qualified practitioners. Table of contents What is the endocrine system? Diseases What is an endocrinologist? Systems biology : integration of complex data about the interactions in biological systems from diverse experimental sources using interdisciplinary tools.
In Bayesian networks, the nodes represent biological variables and directed edges represent causality through conditional probabilities between them. Specifically, they have been used in several fields of systems biology, such as cellular networks inference, pathway modelling, quality assessment of protein—protein interactions and functional annotation of proteins and gene expression analysis Pujol et al.
Most scientists in the life sciences define network analysis based on commercial software of this type, i.
These types of software are designed to be easy to use, provide further quality control of data and have had a major impact on the way in which systems biology analysis is integrated with omic analysis. A major issue in the analysis of omic datasets with hundreds or thousands of variables is that the number of comparisons is so large that it is likely that the total number of false positives becomes unfavourably high.
However, common false discovery rate correction methods assume that comparisons are independent, which is often not the case.
- Thyroid Disorders | Michigan Medicine.
- best day shuttle coupon code.
- discount coupon for keurig k cups.
- best swag deals.
- freecharge coupon code 2020 november.
- best once off data deals.
Increasingly, extra confidence in the analysis of omic data sets can be provided by observing whether identified changes coalesce into clusters within biological networks D'Eustachio , Haw et al. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive and are increasingly modelled together to allow interpretation of different types of omic datasets.
Biological networks can be inferred using omic datasets by mapping the data to models of all known protein—protein or —genetic interactions and generating a much larger model of the interactome Stark et al. An interactome represents the whole set of direct and indirect molecular interactions involved with the phenomenon being studied Fig.
- Endocrinology – Family Medicine Center.
- ENDO Everything You (Should) Want to Know About Endocrinology | ksrs-greece.gr.
- Conference Highlights?
- eders discount coupon.
- ENDO 101: Everything You (Should) Want to Know About Endocrinology.
- Federated Search Page Form block?
The availability of whole genome transcript data has also aided the development of novel approaches to analyse this type of data. For example, it is now possible to incorporate the influence of upstream regulators such as transcription factors and miRNA into modelling of available data. These strategies, in turn, may assist and strengthen putative mechanisms of disease Medan et al. It is also possible to fully integrate genetic and transcriptomic analyses by the generation of expression quantitative trait loci eQTL.
World Endocrinology 2018
The study of biological networks has increased exponentially over the past 10 years and has been paralleled with the increase in collection and statistical analysis of network-indexed data. It is well recognised that most biological functions are closed systems at low entropy states and can be resolved to a set of ordered processes.
Cluster modularity aims to define this order with the recognition that sub-networks of interconnected nodes might represent molecules which are functionally linked and work in a coordinated manner to achieve a definite function Fig. Various mathematical operators are useful in pattern analysis.
Message sent successfully
For example, network motif analysis identifies small networks that are over-represented when compared with a randomised version of the same network Milo et al. Current software approaches to the assessment of network structure and its relationship to biological function are summarised in Table 1. Table 1 Some of the main applications in use for the identification of network properties, highly connected network regions, associated biological function and the functional prioritisation of network elements.
Interactome models generated by these methods can be visualised using software such as Cytoscape, which is an open source software platform for the analysis of complex networks Cline et al. Network analysis has also been developed as a process to increase confidence in the observations of differential expression in omic datasets by correlation with biological function Calvano et al. This procedure allows the identification of putative key functional elements within the identified networks of differentially expressed genes. Specifically it uses an algorithm which generates inferred networks of omic data by functional similarity Calvano et al.
Literature databases have extensive coverage of biological function but can still suffer from distortions in that some interactions may be over- or under-represented Khatri et al. Interactome modelling generated from the databases of known protein:protein and protein:genetic interactions such as BioGRID Chatr-Aryamontri et al. Analysis of network structure can also be determined by the Cytoscape Software platform, which can be used to provide topological analysis.
Topology, a branch of mathematics studying shapes and spaces, is utilised in network analysis to describe network properties such as connectivity, which is an inherent network property involving hubs and bottlenecks Fig. A minimal essential network represents the most functionally relevant element of an interactome model and therefore is used to assess biological function Stevens et al. During the last decade, much effort has been spent in generating a list of disease—gene associations, and explaining how genetic disorders and the corresponding disease—genes might be related Goh et al.
However, this process has significant challenges. For instance, diseases can arise from mutations in more than a single gene locus heterogeneity and different mutations in the same gene may cause different phenotypes and genetic disorders allelic heterogeneity Goh et al. Through the network-based model for the human diseasome, it has been shown that genes that contribute to a common disorder exhibit an increased propensity for their products to co-interact through protein—protein interactions; have a tendency to be co-expressed in specific tissues and share common cellular and functional characteristics, as annotated in gene ontology Pujol et al.
Disease networks have been created also for orphan diseases that have special consideration as they have a low rate of prevalence. Network relationships based on shared genes or shared functional features have been derived and used to construct the orphan disease-causing mutant gene interactome Zhang et al. Interestingly, Zhang et al.
Newcastle Hospitals - Endocrinology Services
However, the authors also found that the connectivity of gene-based and other feature-based orphan disease networks is largely different, suggesting that the relationships between diseases cannot be fully captured by the gene-based network alone. As network analysis is evolving through the addition of information to databases, these approaches are nevertheless likely to provide important added value for improved diagnosis, prevention, and discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for orphan diseases. Disease-focused networks are needed to ensure the validation of multiple biological markers and the understanding of pathophysiology of many diseases Vlahou Several examples of disease-focused networks are now emerging, especially in the area of cancer research where numerous cancer cluster gene networks have been described in different types of tumours, including colorectal, ovarian and breast cancers Bravata et al.
Network analysis is also leading to promising advances in other fields, including neurological diseases Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases Balthazar et al. An improved knowledge of the complex nature of diseases is also beginning to impact upon drug development and to the therapeutic management of diseases Murthy et al. Whilst most prescribed drugs interact with specific cellular targets, in vivo they modify cellular systems through interactions with multiple proteins rather than single entities.
Network pharmacology therefore provides a framework for analysing the actions of drugs on systems, for identifying targets which will modulate disease phenotypes, and for developing therapies that are less vulnerable to drug resistance and side effects Takarabe et al.